Crown and cross-slope — Penn State Center for Dirt & Gravel Road Studies (PDF)¶
Raw PDF: raw/processed/2026/tb-crown-and-cross-slope.pdf
Machine extract: raw/processed/2026/tb-crown-and-cross-slope-extracted.md
Summary: 2019 technical bulletin—three surface templates: center crown, in-slope (common on steep sidehills; notes superelevation on curves), out-slope (sheet flow to fill side; can eliminate ditches on low-volume roads). Explains purpose of thin sheet flow vs concentrated flow. Maintenance: traffic and grading deform cross-section; fines loss → W-shaped profile and ponding; unpaved roads need roughly 2–3× paved cross-slope—recommends 4–6% (½–¾″ per foot width) vs ~2% typical for pavement.
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